Dairy industry Dairy industry Молочная промышленность 1019-8946 103294 10.21603/1019-8946-2025-4-49 Обзорная статья Review article Обзорная статья Methods for Isolating DNA from Dairy Microbiota Методы выделения ДНК микробиоты молочных продуктов https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8069-9661 Лазарева Екатерина Германовна Lazareva Ekaterina G. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1491-7423 Коваль Дарья Дмитриевна Koval Daria D. d_koval@vnimi.org https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6106-6088 Хан Алексей Владимирович Khan Aleksej V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-3790 Фоменко Олег Юрьевич Fomenko Oleg Yu.

кандидат биологических наук;

candidate of sciences in biology;

 Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности Москва Россия All-Russian Dairy Research Institute Moscow Russian Federation Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности Москва Россия All-Russian Dairy Research Institute Moscow Russian Federation Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности Москва Россия All-Russian Dairy Research Institute Moscow Russian Federation Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности Москва Россия All-Russian Dairy Research Institute Moscow Russian Federation 19 08 2025 19 08 2025 4 32 37 12 02 2025 16 06 2025 https://moloprom.kemsu.ru/en/nauka/article/103294/view

Микробиота молока и молочных продуктов играет ключевую роль в формировании их качества, безопасности и аутентичности. Современные молекулярно-генетические методы позволяют проводить детальный анализ данной микробиоты, однако эффективность этих исследований во многом зависит от качества выделенной ДНК. Высокое содержание жиров, белков и других ингибиторов экстракции затрудняет процесс выделения ДНК, что требует подбора оптимальных методов экстракции и очистки. Целью работы являлась систематизация современных методов выделения ДНК из микробиоты молочных продуктов, оценка их эффективности, выявление основных ограничений, связанных с молочной матрицей, и выделение наиболее перспективных подходов к экстракции. Обзор основан на анализе публикаций, представленных в базах данных Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science и eLIBRARY.RU за период 2010–2024 гг. Для обеспечения комплексного анализа были рассмотрены как теоретические, так и экспериментальные работы, включая сравнительные исследования различных методов экстракции. Рассмотрены основные группы методов экстракции: химические, ферментативные, механические и сорбционные, в том числе их комбинированные варианты. Особое внимание уделено влиянию компонентов молока (липидов, белков, кальция) на чистоту и выход ДНК. Приведены стратегии минимизации ингибирования полимеразных реакций, включая применение органических растворителей, силика-колонок и магнитных сорбентов. Наиболее перспективной является разработка универсальных и экономически оправданных протоколов, сочетающих эффективность и воспроизводимость, что расширит возможности их применения в пищевой биотехнологии и контроле качества молочных продуктов.

DNA tests of dairy microbiota make it possible to assess the quality, safety, and authenticity of dairy products. Advanced though they are, modern molecular genetic methods largely depend on the quality of the extracted DNA. Dairy matrices are rich in lipids, proteins, and other inhibitors that complicate the DNA extraction. As a result, it is of greatest importance to select the optimal methods of DNA isolation and purification for each particular case. This article is a review of the DNA extraction methods applied to dairy microbiota. The authors evaluated their efficiency and major matrix-related limitations to select those with the best prospects for the dairy industry. The review covered theoretical, experimental, and comparative studies reported in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, and eLibrary in 2010–2024. The main DNA extraction approaches can be classified as chemical, enzymatic, mechanical, and sorption-based; they can be used in combinations. Lipids, proteins, and calcium affect the DNA purity and yield. To minimize the PCR inhibition, scientists recommend to use organic solvents, silica columns, and magnetic sorbents. The existing extraction methods are constantly modernized to enhance their accuracy. New universal, cost-effective, and reproducible protocols provide reliable results in food biotechnology and dairy quality control.

 ДНК молоко молочные продукты микробиота молока ПЦР-анализ DNA milk dairy products milk microbiota PCR test

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