Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Техника и технология пищевых производств 2074-9414 2313-1748 126668 10.21603/2074-9414-2026-2-2644 SSEKBE ОБЗОРНАЯ СТАТЬЯ REVIEW ARTICLE ОБЗОРНАЯ СТАТЬЯ Oral Delivery of Bioactive Protein Molecules: Problems and Perspectives К вопросу о пероральной доставке биологически активных белковых молекул: проблемы и перспективы https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-4501 Мерзлякова Наталия Вадимовна Merzlyakova Natalia V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4863-9834 Тихонов Сергей Леонидович Tikhonov Sergey L. tihonov75@bk.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-1791 Тихонова Наталья Валерьевна Tikhonova Natalia V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-1427 Тимофеева Мария Сергеевна Timofeeva Maria S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8270-2257 Семин Александр Николаевич Semin Alexander N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-7595 Курдюмов Александр Васильевич Kurdyumov Alexander V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8068-753X Лылов Антон Сергеевич Lylov Anton S.

кандидат экономических наук;

candidate of economic sciences;

 Уральский государственный лесотехнический университет Екатеринбург Россия Ural State Forestry University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation Уральский государственный лесотехнический университет Екатеринбург Россия Ural State Forestry University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation Уральский государственный аграрный университет Екатеринбург Россия Ural State Agrarian University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation Башкирский государственный аграрный университет Уфа Россия Bashkir State Agrarian University Ufa Russian Federation Уральский государственный аграрный университет Екатеринбург Россия Ural State Agrarian University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation Уральский государственный аграрный университет Екатеринбург Россия Ural State Agrarian University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation Уральский государственный экономический университет Екатеринбург Россия Ural State University of Economics Yekaterinburg Russian Federation Уральский государственный экономический университет Россия Уральский государственный экономический университет Russian Federation Уральский государственный экономический университет Екатеринбург Россия Уральский государственный экономический университет Екатеринбург Russian Federation 30 06 2026 30 06 2026 56 2 380 400 29 03 2026 02 06 2026 https://fptt.ru/en/issues/24534/24588/

К основным факторам, снижающим эффективность перорального применения биопептидов и белков относятся ферментативная деградация в ЖКТ, прохождение через слизистый слой, селективный барьер из эпителиальных клеток, кислая среда желудка и низкий период полувыведения. В связи с этим биологически активные белковые молекулы не могут эффективно использоваться в качестве функциональных пищевых ингредиентов в составе продуктов питания профилактического и лечебного назначения. Цель исследования – проанализировать научные направления и стратегии, способствующие решению проблемы нестабильности пептидов и белков в ЖКТ при пероральном применении. Объектами исследования выступали научные публикации, посвященные пероральному применению, стабильности и биодоступности пептидов и белков в ЖКТ. Проведен систематический поиск в базах данных eLIBRARY.RU, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Europe PMC, Scopus, Web of Science и Google Scholar за период 2020–2025 гг. (с включением фундаментальных более ранних работ). Из 1346 первоначально найденных результатов после ручного отбора в обзор включено 116 статей, касающихся повышения стабильности белков и пептидов в ЖКТ. Установлено, что инкапсуляция пептидов в липидные (твердые липидные наночастицы, наноструктурированные липидные носители, липосомы) и полимерные наноносители повышает стабильность и биодоступность при пероральном применении. Клеточно-проникающие пептиды и их интеграция с различными носителями лекарственных средств позволяют создавать многофункциональные системы доставки. Перспективным направлением является использование модифицированных микроорганизмов (модифицированных живых биотерапевтических продуктов) для адресной доставки пептидов и белков. Разрабатываются методы амплификации матриксных белков, а также стратегии создания пептидов для перорального введения с применением ингибиторов протеаз, усилителей проницаемости, химической модификации и циклизации. В результате собственных исследований получен нативный противовирусный пептид. Его инкапсулирование в мальтодекстрин повысило стабильность в кишечнике на модели in vitro в 1,8 раза. Также синтезированы новые циклические биопептиды и рекомбинантный белок, доказано их биологическое действие в экспериментах in vitro.

Bioactive peptides and proteins can be administered orally. However, this method remains largely ineffective because of enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, the mucus layer, the selective epithelial barrier, the acidic stomach environment, and a short half-life. As a result, bioactive protein molecules have little prospect as functional food ingredients unless appropriate delivery systems are used. This review describes scientific trends and strategies aimed at solving the problem of the instability of peptides and proteins in the gastrointestinal tract during oral administration. The review analyzed scientific publications on the oral administration, stability, and bioavailability of peptides and proteins in the gastrointestinal tract registered in eLIBRARY.RU, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar between 2020 and 2025 (alongside some fundamental earlier works). Of the 1,346 manually selected publications, the review included 116 articles. Peptides can be encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, or polymer nanocarriers. Encapsulation increases stability and bioavailability during oral administration. Cell-penetrating peptides and their integration with various drug carriers create multifunctional delivery systems. Modified living biotherapeutic products are promising carriers for the targeted delivery of peptides and proteins. Novel methods include matrix protein amplification, protease inhibitors, permeability enhancers, chemical modification, and cyclization. The article also describes new cyclic biopeptides, a recombinant protein, and a native antiviral peptide with reliable bioactive properties. The maltodextrin-encapsulated antiviral peptide demonstrated a 1.8-fold increase in intestinal stability in vitro.

 Пептиды белки пероральная доставка клеточно-проникающие пептиды усовершенствованная микробная терапия усилители проницаемости полимерные системы инкапсуляция липидные носители Peptides proteins oral delivery cell-penetrating peptides advanced microbial therapy permeability enhancers polymer systems encapsulation lipid carriers

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