Volume growth of consumption of tonic (energy) beverages determines the necessity to study safety criteria of the components used in their manufacture, having a tonic effect. Relevancy of the study is stipulated by the fact, that for the first time biological safety of prolonged use of the main components of non-alcoholic tonic (energy) beverages is evaluated by identifying biomarkers damage of cell membranes and integral parameters of metabolism, the results of which are applicable to humans. Under conditions in vivo the effect of prolonged use of the main components of tonic (energy) beverages - caffeine, taurine and herbal extracts (adaptogens in traditionally recommended quantities) on a model object was analyzed. The study was performed on 150 adult Wistar rats of both sexes (females, n = 75; males, n = 75). Experimental animals were divided into 5 groups according to the sort of components of tonic (energy) beverages consumed: 0.03% aqueous solution of caffeine and 0.25 % aqueous solution of taurine; ginseng extract; Rhodiola rosea extract; herbal extract of Schizandra chinense. In the control group the purified bottled water was used. In all groups of animals after three weeks of intake of (energy) beverage components, specific biomarkers of organ-and-tissue damage of cell membranes were determined in serum and tissue: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and integral basic metabolic parameters: glucose, uric acid, urea and total cholesterol. It was stated, that with prolonged daily use of aqueous solutions of caffeine and taurine in amounts corresponding to the content in tonic (energy) beverages, there was a significant increase in activity LDH and CK ( twice and six times, respectively) concentration of urea and uric acid in serum. There is a tendency to increasing action of AST and hypoglycemia, reflecting subclinical pathogenetically a meaningful increase in metabolic rate with a predominance of catabolic processes. In the usage of herbal extracts as adaptogens metabolism is stimulated with a predominance of catabolic processes, mostly pronounced in the use of extracts of ginseng and lemongrass. However, the metabolic adjustment does not go beyond the range of physiological adaptation – not of a pathogenetically significant increase in the activity of enzymes, or biomarkers damage of cell membranes and hypoglycemia. On the contrary, there is a tendency to the development of hyperglycemia. Some specific gender metabolic reconstructions with prolonged use of restorative components of (energy) beverages are revealed.
Biological safety, tonic beverages, caffeine, taurine, herbal extracts, biomarkers
INTRODUCTION
A distinctive feature of non-alcoholic tonic (energy) beverages is the ability to have a tonic effect on the functional activity of individual organs and tissues of a human body as a whole, the effectiveness of which may vary depending on the physiological state, age and sex.
According to the results of numerous studies, the main consumers of tonic (energy) beverages are men aged 30-35 years. This is largely due to the peculiarities of life and social and community activities of the male population, in particular the need for more emotional stimulation, overcoming tiredness and stress, as well as compensation for the lack of so-called "healthy" food [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
Consumption and sales in this segment are growing. According to the results of previous studies that we reviewed, the level of consumption of tonic (energy) beverages in Russia will be increased by 1.5 liters per capita compared to 2014, and it will be 2.9 liters by 2017. In highly developed countries, such as the USA, Germany, the UK, during the period from 2014 to 2017 level of tonic (energy) beverages consumption will be increased by 10.6 liters, 0.9 liters, 1.5 liters per capita respectively [7].
One of the main components of tonic (energy) beverages is caffeine. Its attractiveness for producers and consumers is stipulated by the availability and quite pronounced stimulating effect on mental and physical abilities of a person, which helps to keep fit during tiredness [8]. After intake of beverages with caffeine tiredness and drowsiness are temporarily eliminated or reduced. Caffeine has a great influence on the highest nervous activity of an organism, which largely depends on the applied dose and component and the type of humans nervous system. When used in small doses it is dominated by the stimulating effect, in large - depressing.
The results of the previous studies to determine presence and duration of tonic effect have confirmed the fact, that caffeinated beverages have a tonic effect lasting up to two or three hours, enhance efficiency and rapid involvement in the process, increase mental and physical performance. However, after drinking tonic (energy) beverages some deterioration of health is possible with the development of unpleasant subjective sensations (knock on his temples, nausea, physical weakness) and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate [9]. Adverse effects occur with long-term consumption of caffeine-containing beverages in doses greater than 400 mg / day.
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